İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARI: TARİHÇESİ, TANIMI, DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE'DEKİ YASAL DURUMU
Öz
ÖZET
İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA); içinde pilotu ve yolcusu olmayan, sadece amaca uygun ekipman (video kamera, fotoğraf makinesi, GNSS, lazer tarama cihazı, vb.) taşıyan, uzaktan kumandalı ve/veya otomatik olarak görevini icra edebilen bir çeşit uçaktır. İHA’ların askeri, sivil (hobi ve ticari) ve bilimsel amaçlı profesyonel kullanımları ülkemizde ve tüm dünyada hızla artmakta, bu nedenle önümüzdeki yıllarda bu konunun daha fazla gündem oluşturacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Gün geçtikçe artan bu yoğun kullanımın temel nedenleri olarak; özellikle sivil amaçlı İHA’ların çok geniş kullanım alanlarının olması, birçok mesleki (örn. harita yapım amaçlı) kullanımlarda yüksek doğruluk, zaman ve maliyet tasarrufu sağlaması sayılabilir.
İHA’ların gerek profesyonel mesleki; gerekse hobi amaçlı olarak günlük yaşantımıza bu kadar çok girmiş olması bazı yasal sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Henüz birçok ülkede bu konuda gerekli mevzuat ya hiç yoktur veya taslak halinde sürekli geliştirilmektedir. Diğer taraftan, İHA’ların kullanımındaki bazı potansiyel olumsuzluklardan dolayı, özellikle ABD Ulaştırma Bakanlığına bağlı Federal Havacılık Kurulu (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration), Birleşmiş Milletler'e bağlı Uluslararası Sivil Havacılık Organizasyonu (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization) ve Avrupa Hava Seyrüsefer Güvenliği Örgütü (EUROCONTROL) tarafından İHA kullanımının yasal çerçevesi konusunda kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise bu konularla ilgili olarak Ulaştırma, Denizcilik ve Haberleşme Bakanlığı'na bağlı Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından bazı çalışmalar yürütülmektedir.
Bu makalenin amacı, İHA’ların sivil kullanım alanları, amaçları ile Türkiye ve Dünya’daki mevzuata ilişkin durum tespiti yaparak, önerilerde bulunmaktır. Askeri amaçlı İHA tanımı ve kullanımına ilişkin konular makale kapsamı dışında bırakılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tam Metin:
PDFReferanslar
Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty SE. September 2016. http://www.agcs.allianz.com/assets/PDFs/Reports/AGCS_Rise_of_the_drones_report.pdf.
A-NPA, 2015-10, Introduction of a Regulatory Framework for The Operation of Drones, https://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/A-NPA%202015-10.pdf
ARC, 2016, Micro Unmanned Aircraft Systems Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC), ARC Recommendations Final Report. 01 April 2016.
Bill No. 752189-6 on Amending the Air Code of the Russian Federation, 11 January 2016.
Can, N., 2011, http://can.aero/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76:chicago-konvansiyonuna-kadar-devletleraras-hava-hukuku-alanndaki-baz-duezenlemeler&catid=21:articles&Itemid=13. Haziran 2011.
CriEnglish.com, 2016, http://english.cri.cn/12394/2016/01/11/3781s912285.htm
Dato’ Sri Azharuddin Abd Rahman, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, 18 October 2016, UN-GGIM Presentation.
DGCA, 2016:,http://dgca.nic.in/misc/draft%20circular/AT_Circular%20-%20Civil_UAS(Draft%20April%202016).pdf. 21 April 2016.
Dictionary.com, 2016, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/uav?s=t, bakılma tarihi 14 Ocak 2016.
Dronelawjapan.com, 2015, http://dronelawjapan.com, 10 December 2015.
Dronelife.com1, 2015, http://dronelife.com/2015/01/05/drones-court-year-review/
Dronelife.com2, 2015, http://dronelife.com/2015/08/03/drones-and-powerful-chips-face-china-export-limit/
EASA, 2015, Introduction of a Regulatory Framework Forth Eoperation of Unmanned Air Craft, Technical Note, Related A-NPA: 2015-10 — RMT.0230 — 18.12.2015.
EC, 2016: European Commission, Directorate-General Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection – Echo. Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) workshop for Civil Protection experts Borschette Centre, Brussels - 21 – 22 January 2016, Final Report).
Esler, D., 2015, FAA Vs. Raphael Pirker, http://aviationweek.com/bca/faa-vs-raphael-pirker, 28 December 2015.
Europarl, 2015,
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/571305/EPRS_BRI(2015)571305_EN.pdf
FAA, 2015, Docket No. FAA-2015-0150; Notice No. 15-01, BillingCode 4910-13-P.
FAA DoT, 2015, Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems, FAA-2015-0150: Notice No. 15-01, 2015.
FAA, 2015, State and Local Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Fact Sheet Federal Aviation Administration Office of the Chief Counsel December 17, 2015.
Federal Register, 2015, https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/12/16/2015-31750/registration-and-marking-requirements-for-small-unmanned-aircraft.
Gorman, S., Dreazen, Y. J., Cole, A., 2009, Insurgents Hack U.S. Drones, The Wall Street Journal, 17 December 2009.
GoI (Government of India), 2014:, http://dgca.nic.in/public_notice/PN_UAS.pdf. 07 October 2014.
GPO: 49 U.S. Code § 40103, 2011. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title49/pdf/USCODE-2011-title49-subtitleVII-partA-subparti-chap401-sec40103.pdf, p.748, 2011.
GPO1, 2012: U.S. Government Printing Office, FAA Modernizationand Reform Act of 2012 (PublicLaw 112-95) Conference Report, Washington 1 February 2012.
GPO2, 2012: Criteria specified in section 336 of Public Law 112-95. 14 February 2012.
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-112publ95/html/PLAW-112publ95.htm
https://www.icao.int/Meetings/UAS/Documents/Circular%20328_en.pdf.
ICAO, 2015, https://www4.icao.int/demo/pdf/rpas/10019_cons_en%20-%20Secured.pdf
ICAO, 1944:, Article 8 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944.
ICAO, 2011, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Cir. 328, AN/190, 2011.
ICAO, 2005, Global AirTraffic Management OperationalConcept, First Edition 2005, DOC 9854, AN/458.
ICAO Ek-13, 2013, Hava Aracı Kaza ve Vaka İncelemesi, 10. Edn., July 2010, lastly amended by Amendment No. 14 (in force since 14 November 2013), ICAO Doc. AN13/10 (Annex 13), Chapter 1, Definitions.
ICAO RPAS, 2015, Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), DOC 10019, AN507, First edition 2015.
ICAO, 2014: https://www4.icao.int/demo/pdf/rpas/10019_cons_en%20-%20Secured.pdf. Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760) 3rd Edition, 2014.
Japantimes, 2016, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/02/16/national/crime-legal/man-landed-drone-roof-japanese-prime-ministers-office-gets-suspended-sentence/#.WAdI8I9OKP9
Indianexpress, 2015,
http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gadgets/why-india-needs-rules-for-flying-drones-soon/. 09 July 2015.
Investopedia.com, 2016, http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/spoofing.asp, December 2016.
Juul, Maria, 2015, European Parliamentary Research Service, Civil Drones In The European Union, October 2015.
Keane, J.F., Stephen S. Carr, 2013, “Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest”, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 558-571, 2013.
Kelsey D. Therton, 2016, http://www.popsci.com/ russias-new-drone-rules-look -lot-like-americas.
LoC (Library of Congress), 2015, http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/russia-commercial-and-private-drones-to-be-outlawed-in-moscow/. 25 June 2015.
Monash University, 2003, Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles http://www.ctie.monash.edu/hargrave/rpav_home.html#Beginnings. 22 June 2003.
Nypost.com1, 2014, http://nypost.com/2014/07/07/two-drones-in-near-miss-with-nypd-copter-over-gwb/.
Nypost.com2, 2014,
http://nypost.com/2014/10/15/prosecutors-drop-charges-against-drone-hobbyists/.
Out-law.com, 2014, http://www.out-law.com/en/articles/2014/december/eu-court-ruling-means-civilian-use-of-drones-in-public-must-comply-with-data-protection-laws/.
Psiaki, M.L., Brady W., O’Hanlon, Steven, P., Powell, Jahshan, A., Bhatti, Todd, E., Humphreys, Andrew S., 2014, http://gpsworld.com/gnss-lies-gnss-truth/. 06 November 2014.
Regulation (EU), 2016:, 2016/679 of the European Parliement and of the Council of 27 April 2016, Official Journal of the European Union, L 119/1, 04.05.2016 (Legistlative Acts).
Russon, Marry-Ann, 2014, Pie in the Sky: How Russian Firm DoDo Pizza Delivers Takeaways by Drone, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/drone-delivery-russias-airborne-pizzas-are-height-fine-dining-1454684.
SDI, 2015, Strategic Defence Intelligence, The Global UAV Market 2015-2025.
https://store.strategicdefenceintelligence.com/report/df0060sr--the-global-uav-market-2015-2025/. January 2015.
SHGM, 2013, 21 Nisan 2016 tarihinde değişik 02 Şubat 2013 tarihli “İnsansız Hava Aracı Sistemlerinin Ayrılmış Hava Sahalarındaki Operasyonlarının Usul Ve Esaslarına İlişkin Talimat” SHT-İHA Talimatı, 2013.
The Guardian, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/02/uk-first-drone-conviction
The Model ICAO, 2016, http://www.sim-oaci.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/legalc_topic1.pdf, s.7, June 2016.
The Verge, 2015, http://www.theverge.com/2015/10/28/9625468/drone-slayer-kentucky-cleared-charges.
UK CAA1, 2016, UK Civil Aviation Authority, Unmanned Aircraft and Drones. http://www.caa.co.uk/Commercial-industry/Aircraft/Unmanned-aircraft/Unmanned-Aircraft/. Bakılma tarihi 25 Mart 2016.
UK CAA2, 2016, UK Civil Aviation Authority, Unmanned Aircraft and Drones, http://www.caa.co.uk/Commercial-industry/Aircraft/Unmanned-aircraft/Large-unmanned-aircraft/. Bakılma tarihi 25 Mart 2016.
USA Today, 2016, http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/07/21/facebooks-aquila-completes-first-test- flight/87368910/.
USA Today, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/07/02/ntsb-drones-faa-appeal-pirker/11793203/).
Wikipedia.org, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles#cite_note-2, Son bakılma tarihi 23 Şubat 2016.
Madde Ölçümleri
Metrics powered by PLOS ALM
Refback'ler
- Şu halde refbacks yoktur.
Telif Hakkı (c) 2017 Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Tarayan Veri Tabanları
.gif)
